Creative Writing Essay

The car sped off and all I could think was, â€Å"Who are these people and what they do they want from me? † Blindfolded and made mute by a piece of cloth that was tied amid my upper and lower jaw, I knew that what lay ahead was not for my benefit and my struggle to free myself would be futile. As tears rolled down my chin, I succumbed to the prison life that I had been entitled to and the next thing I recall was waking up in an isolated warehouse. It then hit me that I had been kidnapped. This sent chills down my spine making it hard for me to strategize a way out. I searched frantically for my phone which as I recalled was in my pocket. As I felt the phone in my pocket, my heart started pounding as anticipation and anxiety took the better part of me since I knew this could be my rescue weapon and my way out. I took out the phone and switched it on once, twice, and thrice and that is when I realized that my phone battery was missing. Tears of fear crowded my face as I knew my efforts of trying to escape were futile and doom was all that awaited me. As I gained composure, I heard a voice saying, â€Å"Ha hahahahahaha†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.so how many people have you called to the rescue†. Looking at the direction leading to the door, I saw a large stout man looking at me while smiling. This even made me more scared since I knew there was no way I would fight this guys unless there was divine intervention. He started walking towards me and with each step he took; my heart would pound twice as my knee joints became weak to the point where my legs were unable to support my body weight (Ibach 2009). And with this I fell to the ground. He stood beside me, started stroking my hair and said, â€Å"State house is your life whereas ghetto is our life. With this phone you are going to tell your father who apparently is our president to quit running for presidency or else I will blow your head off, do similar act to your siblings before I get to your father. I will be back, we make the phone call. † Uttering no other word, he stood and left. His words left me flabbergasted as I knew I was in a dilemma. One that involved risking the lives of my family or letting my father’s dream to run for presidency the second time be just a dream and not a reality. Reference Ibach, H. (2009). How to Write an Inspired Creative Brief. Michigan: iUniverse Publishers.

Stylistic analysis: One Stair Up by Campbell Nairne

The book â€Å"One stair up† was written by a Scottish novelist Campbell Nairne in 1934 and describes the life of a working-class family from Edinburgh. And we can see a fragment that shows fine style and good sense of humour. The scene takes place in one of the Broadway cinemas. Two young people – Andrew and Rosa – decided to watch some movie. The culminating point of this story is the moment when Andrew says in excitement, â€Å"Good, isn't it? †, but receives the answer, â€Å"I don't see anything funny in that†. In this scene we can see how different Rosa and Andrew are.From this fragment we don’t know anything about their origin and social status, but we can guess that Rosa was from richer family than Andrew, that’s why she had better taste and didn’t like the foolish comedy. We can also easily understand it from one sentence: â€Å"It pleased her to be seen in the dress circle, even with Andrew†. She hoped to see so me of her friends to spend more pleasant time with them, but as she couldn’t see anybody, she had to stay with Andrew. There is one more evidence for it: â€Å"Is he really so stupid, she wondered. Yes, I suppose he is†.All these facts show us that Andrew and Rosa had very different social status. So, we can say that the main idea of this small fragment is to show how difficult it is for people from different classes to understand each other. What is fun for one is absolutely fool for another. Some habits, like talking in the cinema, are absolutely normal for one and unacceptable for another. I think that the moral of the story can be very well illustrated with two proverbs: â€Å"Tastes differ† and â€Å"A place for everything and everything in its place†. In order to describe the scene properly author uses different stylistic devices.On the whole he describes the movies that the heroes watched in details, so the reader can easily imagine everything that happened on the screen. For this aim the author forms his speech into short sentences that follow one after another like the scenes of the movie. But to make the story more artistic he uses, first of all, different epithets: â€Å"shadowy faces†, â€Å"looped curtain†. Also there are similes: the carpet â€Å"yielded like springing turf†, â€Å"a hard-worked dog, for you saw it, or another like it, in dozens of these comic films† and other to recall some associations in the readers’ mind and to make the images more  Ã¢â‚¬Å"visible†.What is more, similes help the reader understand the way of thinking of different characters and the author, too. The author uses different set phrases like â€Å"The film seemed to have smashed all records. It drew tears from the hardest hearts. It sent thrills down the spine† and others. It is described even with some kind of sarcasm as a sample of bad taste. Also there is an oxymoron: the main part in the â€Å"mightiest drama of Broadway† has a â€Å"bewitching† actress named Minnie Haha.Also the author uses book and high lexicon for usual things, for example: â€Å"to-night he would resist that awful temptation to explain the story in a whisper†, so it’s a burlesque. As for me, I liked this story, but I feel pity to Andrew. It is better to have a good sense of humour than trying to show your tastes. And Andrew just wanted to have better social position and dated with a girl from a rich family. But it is really difficult to them to be together. So, I think that Campbell Nairne had shown everything really truly.

Natural Disasters and the Ancient Sumerians Essay - 1

Natural Disasters and the Ancient Sumerians - Essay Example These different legends and myths also involved the data concerning the location and the duration the last great floods are perceived to occur as it is the one that caused the rise and development of these narratives. Even though there is no existing evidence concerning the enormous floods that is believed to have covered almost every mountain in the world, only many narratives from all over the world that is told concerning the great floods which was the major disaster that was faced by the people of Sumerian2. The floods are considered to have destroyed the human race in the unsociable past and which resulted in the map of the world to change in the process. As a result of the floods, the Sumerians were forced to migrate and as a result of this migration, the early Mesopotamia culture was passed to the people where the Sumerians settled3. In the year 5000 BC, the floods of the Caspian Sea and the black sea occurred. The effects of the floods were greatly faced on the northern shores of the sea as in causing the water level of the Mediterranean Sea to rise. This made the red sea to connect itself to the mar Mara Sea that is located next to the modern turkey. The developing pressure that was happening in the earths crust resulted in a region that is considered to be active and of high earthquake magnitude. This is believed to have triggered some of the major earthquakes and some of the volcanic eruptions4. This was also regarded as the great floods as it is explained by the Sumerian legends, which was later hired by the civilization of the ancient Mesopotamia and was eventually recorded down in the bible. The people who managed to escape the floods relocated from these fertile lands to the Western Europe region even though many of the Sumerians went to regions that were warm which is believed to be the southern Mesopotamia region. While in the southern Mesopotamia, the Sumerians found the first humankind civilization and where their

Models of successful principal leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Models of successful principal leadership - Essay Example According to the author, â€Å"many successful leaders in schools serving highly diverse student populations enact practices to promote school quality, equity and social justice through: building powerful forms of teaching and learning; creating strong communities in school; nurturing the development of educational cultures in families; expanding the amount of students’ social capital valued by the schools† (Gurra p 372). Therefore this study opens a new horizon for potential researches. For example, it is possible to investigate leadership development among principals. At this stage occurs an idea of possible training programs’ involvement in the process of education and work of current and future principals. Furthermore it is necessary to fill in a research gap of leadership development among teachers. If to widen views on leadership development among teachers it will be possible to foster innovations and to make educational process more diversified and multi-sided. The author states: â€Å"In addition to engaging in a core set of leadership practices, successful leaders must act in ways that acknowledge the accountability-oriented policy context in which almost all work, including the market, decentralization and professional and management accountability† (Gurra p 372). The question: â€Å"how a principal can rich successful school leadership?† is very interesting to discuss. This research considers not leadership as the main object of investigation, but educational program itself. A real leader is considered as an individual who takes part in every aspect and does not miss anything. We understand that a leader should be sincere and open and his main goal should be to take part in school life and educational process. Moreover, we should consider underpinnings of principal leadership, which are oriented not on the leadership qualities of a separate

Humanities - Modernism in Art, Literature and Film Essay

Humanities - Modernism in Art, Literature and Film - Essay Example The essay "Humanities - Modernism in Art, Literature and Film" gives a detailed information about the art. literature and film of postmodernism era. The first half of the nineteenth century Europe witnessed a large number of wars and revolution that consequently lead to â€Å"turning away† form traditional form of aesthetics and evolved a new genre of art, culture and social activities. Modernism rejected the doctrine of the conviction in â€Å"Enlightenment Thinking† and negated the existence of an empathetic and omnipotent creator. But these essentially doesn’t mean that the movement of modernism negated the existence for all kinds of religion and existence of god, nor do they rejected every kind of â€Å"Enlightened Thought†, to be more precise rather, modernism was a movement that challenged and questioned the maxims of the previous age. Modernism, therefore, marks a very distinguishing difference with the Victorian bourgeois morality and a complete de viation from the nineteenth century optimism. It profoundly displayed pessimistic scenario of a culture in disorder. Modernism, as a movement and as an aesthetic form, is subjected to myriads of criticism. Charles Baudelaire is treated as one of the major poets of the modernist movement and a staunch follower and patron of modern art and literature. Baudelaire was the first author of the symbolist tradition. In his ‘To the Bourgeois and The Heroism of Modern Life, from Salons of 1845 and 1846’, Baudelaire wrote, â€Å"It is true that the great tradition has been lost..."

Teledentistry Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teledentistry - Thesis Example ves unique techniques such as self-directing online study, streaming media, webcast and real-time video conferencing, which are utilized to deliver dental education, either live or on demand. These techniques have changed dental and dental hygiene education in many ways, for example; the technology in teledentistry involves a two-way communication video and audio communication-making training visual and efficient. This paper has also discussed the challenges faced by teledentistry especially those that are technologically related. Relevant information was gathered through primary and secondary methods of data collection. The primary data sought was from telemedicine and teledentistry related books and scholarly journals as well as formal websites. Moreover, the information gathered from primary data is reflected in the literature review section. Secondary data was collected through random sampling, where students below the age of twelve were selected and both dental care and hygiene from direct observation and observation from a distance was carried out. The main aim of the observation was to compare the results between direct observation and observation at a distance after which a conclusion was drawn. Having compared the results, the figures and samples were comprehensively discussed and this brought the paper to further recommendation in case of a future research. Finally, conclusions were drawn from the findings and, the future of teledentistry was mentioned. The purpose of the examination procedure was done as a procedure to control infection among the ten randomly chosen children of below 12 years. The examination covered hard and soft tissue problems such as missing teeth, caries, and inflammations among others. For the observed dental illnesses, the patients would be referred to orthodontics, periodontics, endodontic and, surgery. The children were directly diagnosed, and diagnosis using electronic telediagnosis after which result were compared. However,

Business Project Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Project - Case Study Example (Yahoo Finance, 2005c) This is supported by the fact that IBM's gross revenue lags behind Microsoft and Dell Computers respectively. This is the reason why IBM is behind Microsoft by $1.55B in terms of its current net income. Recent changes in the technological milieu have provided Microsoft with several opportunities which they could exploit in order to gain advantage in the market. To illustrate, there is a growth of the use of mobile applications among the business sector as reflected by the emergence of personal digital assistants which could provide Microsoft the opportunity to take advantage of the virtually small number of companies offering software services for the said hardware. (Lewis et al, 2003) Moreover, the market for non-computer devices (non-desktop computer devices) apparently has been a growing industry as a consequence of the demand of the trendy and savvy modern professionals. (Amoruso et al, 2002) Finally, majority of the business divisions of the company is expanding which provides future possibilities for success. Similarly a number of general circumstances have also served as a threat to the company's macro-environmental settings. Among these threats is the fact that the life cycle of technological products is continuously becoming shorter as a result to the rapid developments in technology (Amoruso et al, 2002). Moreover, the competitors of the company, Apple and Linux, continue to eat up a bigger share on the market of operating systems. In terms of its global commerce, the reality of currency volatility could be detrimental in sales of the products of the company overseas. Alternative Course of Action Positioning IBM Consulting Services is entering the consumer electronics market with television sets, digital music players and an online music service, opening yet another front in its war with rivals Gateway Inc. and Apple Computer Inc. The shift is part of a broader strategy by IBM Consulting Services to expand its highly efficient, low-cost distribution model - which has consistently squeezed other personal-computer makers - into other markets, such as printers and servers. Gateway has also recently branched into consumer electronics after suffering brutal losses to IBM Consulting Services in the PC market. Research shows that, IBM Consulting Services is a well-managed leader in the PC industry with a commanding share of the fast-growing market segment of direct sales According to research, IBM Consulting Services developed a two-year communications plan based on the following strategies: Target a high-quality thought-leader media with stories that reinforce desired messages. According to sources, IBM Consulting S

Londons 2012 Olympics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Londons 2012 Olympics - Essay Example Specifically, this essay would present economic, social, cultural and environmental impacts of the developments in the Olympic site to London. Finally, important issues and concerns pertinent to the Olympic site development in relation to tourism would also be revealed. The Olympic games originated in Olympia, Greece from as early as 10th or 9th century B.C. The name ‘Olympic’ came from the word ‘Olympiad’ which means â€Å"an interval of four years between celebrations of the Olympic Games, by which the ancient Greeks reckoned dates†. (American Heritage 1) The founder of the Olympic Games is ‘Pelops’, named after an island in Greece where Olympia is located. (Ancient Olympic Games par.1) The Olympic games are classified into Summer and Winter games; where winter games are catered to winter sports as contrasted to summer games which incorporates sports that date back to the Ancient Olympic games. â€Å"In the Summer Games, athletes compete in a wide variety of competitions on the track, on the road, on grass, in the water, on the water, in the open air and indoors, in a total of 28 sports. The Winter Games feature seven sports practiced on snow and ice, both indoors and outdoors.† (The Modern Oly mpic Games 2) The bid for the Olympic site in 2012 was decided on as early as July 2005 with five countries bidding for holding the Olympic Games. The five bidding countries are: Moscow, New York, Madrid, Paris, and London. According to BBC Sport (par. 10), â€Å"news of Londons victory delighted flag-waving supporters who had gathered in Trafalgar Square and Stratford in the East End of London, where the new Olympic park will be built.† In its plans for the development of the Olympic site, the official site of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games specifically emphasized that â€Å"London put sustainability at the heart of its bid for the 2012

Data Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Analysis - Essay Example Most of these incidents are of different nature which is due to the lack safety measures adopted by the people. Many incidents have been recorded in the year 2012 which occurred due to the avoidance of wearing a helmet while climbing mountains which results in head injuries when people fall off from greater heights. The particular injury is very critical because it provides little chances of survival (LAMRT, 2012). Injuries can occur due to poor weather can easily result in a death of a person. Casualties occur if weather is not forecasted by people and even a slightest storm can end a life of a human being. However, rarely it has been reported that casualties occur due to bad weather because the rescue team spreads awareness to the people on ground in taking precautionary measures against bad weather. An incident number 89 was reported that a woman became ill due to heavy rain and was escorted to the hospital for further treatment. Similar incidents have been reported due to which people were found missing until they found the rescue team to escort back to their camps (LAMRT, 2012). Leg and ankle injury is common in Lake District because there are many casualties reported by the rescue team because the ground is very steep and slippery in nature and requires deliberation in maintain balance on the ground. An incident number 85 in 20012 was reported to have lower leg injury which was occurred due to wet grounds on the field of Lake District. However, the woman was rescued by the team and received a minor injury. One amongst three casualties is reported for leg injury due to wet grounds (LAMRT, 2012). Navigational errors are frequent in nature due to which people lost their way back to camp or get delayed to return. An incident number 79 was reported to have lost their way due to navigational error at the Gibson Knott. As it was dark they were lost and standing there waiting for light to

Minority Group and Multiculturalism Essay Example for Free

Minority Group and Multiculturalism Essay This research was commissioned by the Transatlantic Council on Migration, an initiative of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI), for its seventh plenary meeting, held November 2011 in Berlin. The meeting’s theme was â€Å"National Identity, Immigration, and Social Cohesion: (Re)building Community in an Ever-Globalizing World† and this paper was one of the reports that informed the Council’s discussions. The Council, an MPI initiative undertaken in cooperation with its policy partner the Bertelsmann Stiftung, is a unique deliberative body that examines vital policy issues and informs migration policymaking processes in North America and Europe. The Council’s work is generously supported by the following foundations and governments: Carnegie Corporation of New York, Open Society Foundations, Bertelsmann Stiftung, the Barrow Cadbury Trust (UK Policy Partner), the Luso-American Development Foundation, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, and the governments of Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. For more on the Transatlantic Council on Migration, please visit: www. migrationpolicy. org/transatlantic.  © 2012 Migration Policy Institute. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Migration Policy Institute. A full-text PDF of this document is available for free download from www. migrationpolicy. org. Permission for reproducing excerpts from this report should be directed to: Permissions Department, Migration Policy Institute, 1400 16th Street, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036, or by contacting [emailprotected] org. Suggested citation: Kymlicka, Will. 2012. Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Table of Contents Executive Summary. 1 I. Introduction.. 2 The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism. 3 . II. What Is Multiculturalism?.. 4 A. Misleading Model. 4 . B. Multiculturalism in Context 5 . C. The Evolution of Multiculturalism Policies.. 7 III. Multiculturalism in Practice. 10 A. The Canadian Success Story 10 B. The European Experience. 13 . IV. The Retreat from Multiculturalism.. 14 A. Rhetoric versus Reality .. 14 B. Proliferation of Civic Integration Policies. 15 . V. Conclusion:The Future of Multicultural Citizenship. 21 Appendices 26 Works Cited 28 About the Author.. 32 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Executive Summary Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity — commonly termed â€Å"multiculturalism† — emerged in the West as a vehicle for replacing older forms of ethnic and racial hierarchy with new relations of democratic citizenship. Despite substantial evidence that these policies are making progress toward that goal, a chorus of political leaders has declared them a failure and heralded the death of multiculturalism. This popular master narrative is problematic because it mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and misidentifies not only the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered but the options for addressing these problems. Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for Western democracies. This report challenges four powerful myths about multiculturalism. First, it disputes the caricature of multiculturalism as the uncritical celebration of diversity at the expense of addressing grave societal problems such as unemployment and social isolation. Instead it offers an account of multiculturalism as the pursuit of new relations of democratic citizenship, inspired and constrained by human-rights ideals. Second, it contests the idea that multiculturalism has been in wholesale retreat, and offers instead evidence that multiculturalism policies (MCPs) have persisted, and have even grown stronger, over the past ten years. Third, it challenges the idea that multiculturalism has failed, and offers instead evidence that MCPs have had positive effects. Fourth, it disputes the idea that the spread of civic integration policies has displaced multiculturalism or rendered it obsolete. The report instead offers evidence that MCPs are fully consistent with certain forms of civic integration policies, and that indeed the combination of multiculturalism with an â€Å"enabling† form of civic integration is both normatively desirable and empirically effective in at least some cases. To help address these issues, this paper draws upon the Multiculturalism Policy Index. This index 1) identifies eight concrete policy areas where liberal-democratic states — faced with a choice — decided to develop more multicultural forms of citizenship in relation to immigrant groups and 2) measures the extent to which countries have espoused some or all of these policies over time. While there have been some high-profile cases of retreat from MCPs, such as the Netherlands, the general pattern from 1980 to 2010 has been one of modest strengthening. Ironically, some countries that have been vociferous about multiculturalism’s â€Å"failure† (e. g. , Germany) have not actually practiced an active multicultural strategy. Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for Western democracies. However, not all attempts to adopt new models of multicultural citizenship have taken root or succeeded in achieving their intended effects. There are several factors that can either facilitate or impede the successful implementation of multiculturalism: Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 1 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Desecuritization of ethnic relations. Multiculturalism works best if relations between the state and minorities are seen as an issue of social policy, not as an issue of state security. If the state perceives immigrants to be a security threat (such as Arabs and Muslims after 9/11), support for multiculturalism will drop and the space for minorities to even voice multicultural claims will diminish. Human rights. Support for multiculturalism rests on the assumption that there is a shared commitment to human rights across ethnic and religious lines. If states perceive certain groups as unable or unwilling to respect human-rights norms, they are unlikely to accord them multicultural rights or resources. Much of the backlash against multiculturalism is fundamentally driven by anxieties about Muslims, in particular, and their perceived unwillingness to embrace liberal-democratic norms. Border control. Multiculturalism is more controversial when citizens fear they lack control over their borders — for instance when countries are faced with large numbers (or unexpected surges) of unauthorized immigrants or asylum seekers — than when citizens feel the borders are secure. Diversity of immigrant groups. Multiculturalism works best when it is genuinely multicultural — that is, when immigrants come from many source countries rather than coming overwhelmingly from just one (which is more likely to lead to polarized relations with the majority). Economic contributions. Support for multiculturalism depends on the perception that immigrants are holding up their end of the bargain and making a good-faith effort to contribute to society — particularly economically. When these facilitating conditions are present, multiculturalism can be seen as a low-risk option, and indeed seems to have worked well in such cases. Multiculturalism tends to lose support in high-risk situations where immigrants are seen as predominantly illegal, as potential carriers of illiberal practices or movements, or as net burdens on the welfare state. However, one could argue that rejecting immigrant multiculturalism under these circumstances is in fact the higher-risk move. It is precisely when immigrants are perceived as illegitimate, illiberal, and burdensome that multiculturalism may be most needed. I. Introduction Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity have been in a state of flux around the world for the past 40 years. One hears much about the â€Å"rise and fall of multiculturalism. † Indeed, this has become a kind of master narrative, widely invoked by scholars, journalists, and policymakers alike to explain the evolution of contemporary debates about diversity. Although people disagree about what comes after multiculturalism, there is a surprising consensus that we are in a post-multicultural era. This report contends that this master narrative obscures as much as it reveals, and that we need an alternative framework for thinking about the choices we face. Multiculturalism’s successes and failures, as well as its level of public acceptance, have depended on the nature of the issues at stake and the countries involved, and we need to understand these variations if we are to identify a more sustainable model for accommodating diversity. This paper will argue that the master narrative 1) mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, 2) exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and 3) misidentifies the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered and the options for addressing these problems. 2 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Before we can decide whether to celebrate or lament the fall of multiculturalism, we need first to make sure we know what multiculturalism has meant both in theory and in practice, where it has succeeded or failed to meet its objectives, and under what conditions it is likely to thrive in the future. The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism The master narrative of the â€Å"rise and fall of multiculturalism† helpfully captures important features of our current debates. Yet in some respects it is misleading, and may obscure the real challenges and opportunities we face. In its simplest form, the master narrative goes like this:1 Since the mid-1990s we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism. From the 1970s to mid-1990s, there was a clear trend across Western democracies toward the increased recognition and accommodation of diversity through a range of multiculturalism policies (MCPs) and minority rights. These policies were endorsed both at the domestic level in some states and by international organizations, and involved a rejection of earlier ideas of unitary and homogeneous nationhood. Since the mid-1990s, however, we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism, and a reassertion of ideas of nation building, common values and identity, and unitary citizenship — even a call for the â€Å"return of assimilation. † This retreat is partly driven by fears among the majority group that the accommodation of diversity has â€Å"gone too far† and is threatening their way of life. This fear often expresses itself in the rise of nativist and populist right-wing political movements, such as the Danish People’s Party, defending old ideas of â€Å"Denmark for the Danish. † But the retreat also reflects a belief among the center-left that multiculturalism has failed to help the intended beneficiaries — namely, minorities themselves — because it has failed to address the underlying sources of their social, economic, and political exclusion and may have unintentionally contributed to their social isolation. As a result, even the center-left political movements that initially championed multiculturalism, such as the social democratic parties in Europe, have backed 1 For influential academic statements of this â€Å"rise and fall† narrative, claiming that it applies across the Western democracies, see Rogers Brubaker, â€Å"The Return of Assimilation? † Ethnic and Racial Studies 24, no. 4 (2001): 531–48; and Christian Joppke, â€Å"The Retreat of Multiculturalism in the Liberal State: Theory and Policy,† British Journal of Sociology 55, no. 2 (2004): 237–57. There are also many accounts of the â€Å"decline,† â€Å"retreat,† or â€Å"crisis† of multiculturalism in particular countries. For the Netherlands, see Han Entzinger, â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism in the Netherlands,† in Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States, eds. Christian Joppke and Ewa Morawska (London: Palgrave, 2003) and Ruud Koopmans, â€Å"Trade-Offs between Equality and Difference: The Crisis of Dutch Multiculturalism in Cross-National Perspective† (Brief, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, December 2006). For Britain, see Randall Hansen, â€Å"Diversity, Integration and the Turn from Multiculturalism in the United Kingdom,† in Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, eds. Keith G. Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2007); Les Back, Michael Keith, Azra Khan, Kalbir Shukra, and John Solomos, â€Å"New Labour’s White Heart: Politics, Multiculturalism and the Return of Assimilation,† Political Quarterly 73, No. 4 (2002): 445–54; Steven Vertovec, â€Å"Towards post-multiculturalism? Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversity,† International Social Science Journal 61 (2010): 83–95. For Australia, see Ien Ang and John Stratton, â€Å"Multiculturalism in Crisis: The New Politics of Race and National Identity in Australia,† in On Not Speaking Chinese: Living Between Asia and the West, ed. I. Ang (London: Routledge, 2001). For Canada, see Lloyd Wong, Joseph Garcea, and Anna Kirova, An Analysis of the ‘Anti- and Post-Multiculturalism’ Discourses: The Fragmentation Position (Alberta: Prairie Centre for Excellence in Research on Immigration and Integration, 2005), http://pmc. metropolis. net/Virtual%20Library/FinalReports/Post-multi%20FINAL%20REPORT%20for%20PCERII%20_2_. pdf. For a good overview of the backlash discourse in various countries, see Steven Vertovec and Susan Wessendorf, eds. , The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices (London: Routledge, 2010). Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 3 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE away from it and shifted to a discourse that emphasizes â€Å"civic integration,† â€Å"social cohesion,† â€Å"common values,† and â€Å"shared citizenship. †2 The social-democratic discourse of civic integration differs from the radical-right discourse in emphasizing the need to develop a more inclusive national identity and to fight racism and discrimination, but it nonetheless distances itself from the rhetoric and policies of multiculturalism. The term postmulticulturalism has often been invoked to signal this new approach, which seeks to overcome the limits of a naive or misguided multiculturalism while avoiding the oppressive reassertion of homogenizing nationalist ideologies. 3 II. What Is Multiculturalism? A. Misleading Model In much of the post-multiculturalist literature, multiculturalism is characterized as a feel-good celebration of ethnocultural diversity, encouraging citizens to acknowledge and embrace the panoply of customs, traditions, music, and cuisine that exist in a multiethnic society. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown calls this the â€Å"3S† model of multiculturalism in Britain — saris, samosas, and steeldrums. 4 Multiculturalism takes these familiar cultural markers of ethnic groups — clothing, cuisine, and music — and treats them as authentic practices to be preserved by their members and safely consumed by others. Under the banner of multiculturalism they are taught in school, performed in festivals, displayed in media and museums, and so on. This celebratory model of multiculturalism has been the focus of many critiques, including the following: It ignores issues of economic and political inequality. Even if all Britons come to enjoy Jamaican steeldrum music or Indian samosas, this would do nothing to address the real problems facing Caribbean and South Asian communities in Britain — problems of unemployment, poor educational outcomes, residential segregation, poor English language skills, and political marginalization. These economic and political issues cannot be solved simply by celebrating cultural differences. Even with respect to the (legitimate) goal of promoting greater understanding of cultural differences, the focus on celebrating â€Å"authentic† cultural practices that are â€Å"unique† to each group is potentially dangerous. First, not all customs that may be traditionally practiced within a particular group are worthy of being celebrated, or even of being legally tolerated, such as forced marriage. To avoid stirring up controversy, there’s a tendency to choose as the focus of multicultural celebrations safely inoffensive practices — such as cuisine or music — that can be enjoyably consumed by members of the larger society. But this runs the opposite risk 2 For an overview of the attitudes of European social democratic parties to these issues, see Rene Cuperus, Karl Duffek, and Johannes Kandel, eds. , The Challenge of Diversity: European Social Democracy Facing Migration, Integration and Multiculturalism (Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2003). For references to â€Å"post-multiculturalism† by progressive intellectuals, who distinguish it from the radical right’s â€Å"antimulticulturalism,† see, regarding the United Kingdom, Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism (London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2000), and â€Å"Beyond Multiculturalism,† Canadian Diversity/Diversite Canadienne 3, no. 2 (2004): 51–4; regarding Australia, James Jupp, From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); and regarding the United States, Desmond King, The Liberty of Strangers: Making the American Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), and David A. Hollinger, Post-ethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism, revised edition (New York: Basic Books, 2006). Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism. 3 4 4 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE of the trivialization or Disneyfication of cultural differences,5 ignoring the real challenges that differences in cultural and religious values can raise. Third, the 3S model of multiculturalism can encourage a conception of groups as hermetically sealed and static, each reproducing its own distinct practices. Multiculturalism may be intended to encourage people to share their customs, but the assumption that each group has its own distinctive customs ignores processes of cultural adaptation, mixing, and melange, as well as emerging cultural commonalities, thereby potentially reinforcing perceptions of minorities as eternally â€Å"other. † This in turn can lead to the strengthening of prejudice and stereotyping, and more generally to the polarization of ethnic relations. Fourth, this model can end up reinforcing power inequalities and cultural restrictions within minority groups. In deciding which traditions are â€Å"authentic,† and how to interpret and display them, the state generally consults the traditional elites within the group — typically older males — while ignoring the way these traditional practices (and traditional elites) are often challenged by internal reformers, who have different views about how, say, a â€Å"good Muslim† should act. It can therefore imprison people in â€Å"cultural scripts† that they are not allowed to question or dispute. According to post-multiculturalists, the growing recognition of these flaws underlies the retreat from multiculturalism and signals the search for new models of citizenship that emphasize 1) political participation and economic opportunities over the symbolic politics of cultural recognition, 2) human rights and individual freedom over respect for cultural traditions, 3) the building of inclusive national identities over the recognition of ancestral cultural identities, and 4) cultural change and cultural mixing over the reification of static cultural differences. This narrative about the rise and fall of 3S multiculturalism will no doubt be familiar to many readers. In my view, however, it is inaccurate. Not only is it a caricature of the reality of multiculturalism as it has developed over the past 40 years in the Western democracies, but it is a distraction from the real issues that we need to face. The 3S model captures something important about natural human tendencies to simplify ethnic differences, and about the logic of global capitalism to sell cosmopolitan cultural products, but it does not capture the nature of post-1960s government MCPs, which have had more complex historical sources and political goals. B. Multiculturalism in Context It is important to put multiculturalism in its historical context. In one sense, it is as old as humanity — different cultures have always found ways of coexisting, and respect for diversity was a familiar feature of many historic empires, such as the Ottoman Empire. But the sort of multiculturalism that is said to have had a â€Å"rise and fall† is a more specific historic phenomenon, emerging first in the Western democracies in the late 1960s. This timing is important, for it helps us situate multiculturalism in relation to larger social transformations of the postwar era. More specifically, multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. Prior to World War II, ethnocultural and religious diversity in the West was characterized by a range of illiberal and undemocratic relationships of hierarchy,6 justified by racialist ideologies that explicitly propounded the superiority of some peoples and cultures and their right to rule over others. These ideologies were widely accepted throughout the Western world and underpinned both domestic laws (e. g. , racially biased immigration and citizenship policies) and foreign policies (e. g. , in relation to overseas colonies). 5 6 Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada (Toronto: Penguin, 1994). Including relations of conqueror and conquered, colonizer and colonized, master and slave, settler and indigenous, racialized and unmarked, normalized and deviant, orthodox and heretic, civilized and primitive, and ally and enemy. Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 5 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE After World War II, however, the world recoiled against Hitler’s fanatical and murderous use of such ideologies, and the United Nations decisively repudiated them in favor of a new ideology of the equality of races and peoples. And this new assumption of human equality generated a series of political movements designed to contest the lingering presence or enduring effects of older hierarchies. We can distinguish three â€Å"waves† of such movements: 1) the struggle for decolonization, concentrated in the period 1948–65; 2) the struggle against racial segregation and discrimination, initiated and exemplified by the AfricanAmerican civil-rights movement from 1955 to 1965; and 3) the struggle for multiculturalism and minority rights, which emerged in the late 1960s. Multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. Each of these movements draws upon the human-rights revolution, and its foundational ideology of the equality of races and peoples, to challenge the legacies of earlier ethnic and racial hierarchies. Indeed, the human-rights revolution plays a double role here, not just as the inspiration for a struggle, but also as a constraint on the permissible goals and means of that struggle. Insofar as historically excluded or stigmatized groups struggle against earlier hierarchies in the name of equality, they too have to renounce their own traditions of exclusion or oppression in the treatment of, say, women, gays, people of mixed race, religious dissenters, and so on. Human rights, and liberal-democratic constitutionalism more generally, provide the overarching framework within which these struggles are debated and addressed. Each of these movements, therefore, can be seen as contributing to a process of democratic â€Å"citizenization† — that is, turning the earlier catalog of hierarchical relations into relationships of liberaldemocratic citizenship. This entails transforming both the vertical relationships between minorities and the state and the horizontal relationships among the members of different groups. In the past, it was often assumed that the only way to engage in this process of citizenization was to impose a single undifferentiated model of citizenship on all individuals. But the ideas and policies of multiculturalism that emerged from the 1960s start from the assumption that this complex history inevitably and appropriately generates group-differentiated ethnopolitical claims. The key to citizenization is not to suppress these differential claims but to filter them through and frame them within the language of human rights, civil liberties, and democratic accountability. And this is what multiculturalist movements have aimed to do. The precise character of the resulting multicultural reforms varies from group to group, as befits the distinctive history that each has faced. They all start from the antidiscrimination principle that underpinned the second wave but go beyond it to challenge other forms of exclusion or stigmatization. In most Western countries, explicit state-sponsored discrimination against ethnic, racial, or religious minorities had largely ceased by the 1960s and 1970s, under the influence of the second wave of humanrights struggles. Yet ethnic and racial hierarchies persist in many societies, whether measured in terms of economic inequalities, political underrepresentation, social stigmatization, or cultural invisibility. Various forms of multiculturalism have been developed to help overcome these lingering inequalities. The focus in this report is on multiculturalism as it pertains to (permanently settled) immigrant groups,7 7 There was briefly in some European countries a form of â€Å"multiculturalism† that was not aimed at the inclusion of permanent immigrants, but rather at ensuring that temporary migrants would return to their country of origin. For example, mothertongue education in Germany was not initially introduced â€Å"as a minority right but in order to enable guest worker children to reintegrate in their countries of origin† (Karen Schonwalder, â€Å"Germany: Integration Policy and Pluralism in a Self-Conscious Country of Immigration,† in The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices, eds. Steven Vertovec and Susanne Wessendorf [London: Routledge, 2010], 160). Needless to say, this sort of â€Å"returnist† multiculturalism — premised on the idea that migrants are foreigners who should return to their real home — has nothing to do with multiculturalism policies (MCPs) premised on the idea that immigrants belong in their host countries, and which aim to make immigrants 6 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE but it is worth noting that struggles for multicultural citizenship have also emerged in relation to historic minorities and indigenous peoples. 8 C. The Evolution of Multiculturalism Policies The case of immigrant multiculturalism is just one aspect of a larger â€Å"ethnic revival† across the Western democracies,9 in which different types of minorities have struggled for new forms of multicultural citizenship that combine both antidiscrimination measures and positive forms of recognition and accommodation. Multicultural citizenship for immigrant groups clearly does not involve the same types of claims as for indigenous peoples or national minorities: immigrant groups do not typically seek land rights, territorial autonomy, or official language status. What then is the substance of multicultural citizenship in relation to immigrant groups? The Multiculturalism Policy Index is one attempt to measure the evolution of MCPs in a standardized format that enables comparative research. 10 The index takes the following eight policies as the most common or emblematic forms of immigrant MCPs:11 Constitutional, legislative, or parliamentary affirmation of multiculturalism, at the central and/ or regional and municipal levels The adoption of multiculturalism in school curricula The inclusion of ethnic representation/sensitivity in the mandate of public media or media licensing Exemptions from dress codes, either by statute or by court cases Allowing of dual citizenship The funding of ethnic group organizations to support cultural activities The funding of bilingual education or mother-tongue instruction Affirmative action for disadvantaged immigrant groups12 feel more at home where they are. The focus of this paper is on the latter type of multiculturalism, which is centrally concerned with constructing new relations of citizenship. 8 In relation to indigenous peoples, for example — such as the Maori in New Zealand, Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Australia, American Indians, the Sami in Scandinavia, and the Inuit of Greenland — new models of multicultural citizenship have emerged since the late 1960s that include policies such as land rights, self-government rights, recognition of customary laws, and guarantees of political consultation. And in relation to substate national groups — such as the Basques and Catalans in Spain, Flemish and Walloons in Belgium, Scots and Welsh in Britain, Quebecois in Canada, Germans in South Tyrol, Swedish in Finland — we see new models of multicultural citizenship that include policies such as federal or quasi-federal territorial autonomy; official language status, either in the region or nationally; and guarantees of representation in the central government or on constitutional courts. 9 Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). 10 Keith Banting and I developed this index, first published in Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, eds. , Multiculturalism and the Welfare State: Recognition and Redistribution in Contemporary Democracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). Many of the ideas discussed in this paper are the result of our collaboration. 11 As with all cross-national indices, there is a trade-off between standardization and sensitivity to local nuances. There is no universally accepted definition of multiculturalism policies and no hard and fast line that would sharply distinguish MCPs from closely related policy fields, such as antidis

Leadership And Workplace Trust Management Essay

Leadership And Workplace Trust Management Essay The word leadership in international organisation is related for the person who perform role of leader in organisation. Leader is the advisor and members are the follower of team. Leadership is all about how leader support, encourage, motivate, listen to people, involving members in decision making, and how to solve the problem in team. Team leader is the highly skilled and knowledgeable person (Gretton, I.1995). Team member are regarded as asset of organisation. Members together form one team and perform task according to the decision of team leader. Belbin team role theory states that how person or individual behaves in team atmosphere. This theory is propounded as the tool for knowing behaviour and the changes which took place. It gives us feedback from all the angels so we can say it gives 360 degree feedback. The team needs to show high performance for achieving the goal and for that proper planning is needed (Belbin 2000: xv).Belbin has established nine team role (Belbin, 1993).The team role are (plant, resources investigator, co-ordinator, shaper, monitor evaluator, team worker, implementer, completer, and specialist).So by Belbin theory we can say that team plays important role, without team members effort team would never be able to achieve set goal. The culture has high influence on organisation environments. In organisation all the individuals work together and this collectiveness creates differences among the members working in organisation from each another (Hofsted 1991:262).At the leadership trust we performed various task. In the second task due to cultural difference problem was faced by group. So if the individuals from different culture are working together then this may affect performance of group and also due to differences in level of thinking. There is one advantage of cross-culture in organisation. The individuals working in team are from different corners of world and all have different ideas and skills. So the combination of this different ideas and skills would lead to higher achievement of organisation. If the culture is strong then the effect on organisation would be amazing (Deal and Kennedy, 1982:15).According to Hofsted in societies if member who has high power accept that power will be distributed among th em, then the society will get authority to management styles with high scores of power distance(Hofsted,1991). If Inequalities in power are high then this would lead to larger inequalities in the other areas also for example, in the study of different set of industrial organisation of five countries that if there are great differences in the power then it would automatically show differences in (rewards, privileges and opportunities between bosses and employees)(Tannenbaum et al, 1974). In the organisation success of team depend on their communication power. There should be smooth flow of information among members, and discussion and argument be done efficiently in order to take quick decision. There are certain decentralised ways of communication like (formal meeting, regular and ad hoc meeting, e-mail) where the team member feel comfortable and can work easily. In the organisation there are two methods for communication. One is formal and another is informal communication. Formal way include individual meeting and conference while informal includes e-mail, ad hoc meeting, and chatting. If the level of communication is maintained properly then team may work more efficiently. Sometimes informal communication works properly more then formal communication (Marh, F.K., 2010). There are several theories of leadership which we learned at leadership trust. Among them one of theory is situational theory which states that leader should need ability to accurately cope up with the situation and to behave with the changing situation. The efficiency of group depends on leader decision because the members just follow them. The follower should have readiness to understand the instruction given by leader. So ample of self confidence and technical skills are needed for finishing task efficiently (Heresy and Blanchard, 1988:174).At leadership thrust in the third task we need to pass cane on other side without touching danger lines at that time leader was not able to take quick decision and cope up with the situation and so members of team failed to pass all canes. So situation theory is related to this kind of situation. Another theory of leadership is path goal theory. This theory states that motivation factor plays important role in organisation. The members of team work for the common goal, some times it happened that their efficiency in work would get reduced. So if leader motivate their members, work efficiency would increase and improvement in performance can be seen (House and Mitchell, 1974). The next theory of leadership is transformational leadership which states that leader can change the direction from worst to good result, and can change the set goal of member. When the new goal are set they should be set on the high level so that total interest of members get towards it (burn 1978).According to Bass, the leaders in transformational theory give attention to long term objective more then short term objective(Duskinsky,A.J. and Yammarino,F.J.1985, 1990). At the leadership thrust I faced good experience of being part of organization. In the last task we had experience of working in one orga nization and different department, before going on field teams were given time with strategy formation, strategy formation is important before going on field and performing task. At this time transformational theory is applied and suite best. From the above discussion we can conclude that, there is high influence of cross culture and also communication gap among members of team. The leadership styles and theories should be so used in team that performance of team improves and it become easy for leader to manage team and for members to follow the leader decision.